Passive Voice

Passive voice adalah suatu bentuk gramatikal dimana subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindak lanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.

Rumus passive voice:

S + auxiliary verb + past participle

contoh:

She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)

Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh :

·	Active	: He meets them everyday.
·	Passive	: They are met by him everyday.
·	Active	: She waters this plant every two days.
·	Passive	: This plant is watered by her every two days.

 

Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs

Tidak semua transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain: have, become, lack, look like, mean, dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.

Contoh:

• I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
• The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.

source : http://badaiardiat.blogspot.com/2011/01/pengertian-passive-voice-dan-contohnya.html

Conditional Tense

Conditional atau disebut juga kalimat pengandaian menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain.Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.

• Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.
• Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.
• Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional, digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar. 

  
1. Conditional Sentence Type I: true in the present time

Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan rencana (plan), nasehat (advice), atau suatu kemungkinan (possibility/probability)

Rumus Conditional

IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense

Contoh:
- If it doesn’t rain, I will go shopping.
- If you don't have lunch, you'll be hungry.
- If you go to school, you'll have to prepare everything from now.
- If I have a lot of money, I will buy a new computer.

Real Condition : It will probably rain or not, so I will probably go shopping or not.

Penggunaan kata kerja:

- If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk present, baik simple present atau present continuous.
- Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary 'will' atau 'can' + Verb1.


2. Conditional Sentence Type II: untrue in the present time

Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan khayalan (imagination) atau angan-angan belaka.


Rumus Conditional 2

If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future

Contoh:

- If I were you, I would take the money.
- If I had a lot of money, I would lend you some
- If you came home earlier, I would make you a cake.


Real Condition : You don’t come home earlier, So I don’t make a cake for you.



Penggunaan kata kerja:

- If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past tense.
- Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary 'would' atau 'could' + Verb1.


3. Conditional Sentence Type III: untrue in the past time

Fungsi: untuk mengungkapkan penyesalan (regret) tentang suatu hal, atau persoalan yang terlanjur terjadi di masa lalu.

Rumus Conditional 3

If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect


Contoh:
- If my mother had given me money, I could have bought a cellphone.
- If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.


Real condition : you didn’t study hard, so you didn’t pass the exam


Penggunaan kata kerja:

- If clause menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past perfect (had + Verb3)
- Expectation clause menggunakan auxiliary 'would have' atau 'could have' + Verb3.



source : http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm

Tugas Perbaikan TOEFL

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.

Revise :  Because they had spent too much time considering the new contract, the student lost the  opportunity to lease the apartement.

3.These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.

Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when  we have to submit the proposal

                Jadi tidak pakai "do"karena kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek dari sebuah kalimat

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither.

Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t either.

               kata either atau neither artinya "juga",yang digunakan dalam kalimat bermakna negatif

7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.

Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others one.

9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.

Revise : After George had returned to his house, he read a book.

10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one have been as widely eccepted as this one.

11.The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smells delicious.

12.After  Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

Revise : After  Jhon had eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13.The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

Revise : The manager finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14.Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work themselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

15.Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.

Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do anymore homework tonight, he would not  to attend the concert.

16.After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.

Revise : After taking the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

17.We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

18.It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?

Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19.Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so.

Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does too.

20.Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.

Revise : Rita enjoyed being able to meet several members of congress during her  vacation

21.After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.

Revise :  After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided to find another attorney.

22.Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

Revise :   Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

23.The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

Revise :   The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and I.

24.The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.

Revise :   The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them.

25.The president went fishing after  he has finished with the conferences.

Revise :   The president went fishing after  he had finished with the conferences.

26.Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

Revise :   Peter and Tom play tennis every afternoon with Mary and me

TUGAS TOEFL

2. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the student lost the opportunity to lease the apartement.

Revise :  Because they had spent too much time considering the new contract, the student lost the  opportunity to lease the apartement.

3.These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

Revise: These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return leter.

4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

Revise : After she had bought herself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

5. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.

Revise : The next important question we have to decide is when  we have to submit the proposal

                Jadi tidak pakai "do"karena kalimat tersebut berfungsi sebagai objek dari sebuah kalimat

6. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither.

Revise : George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t either.

               kata either atau neither artinya "juga",yang digunakan dalam kalimat bermakna negatif

7. Jhon decide to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

Revise : Jhon decide to buy a new car in the morning, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.

8. Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others ones.

Revise : Some of the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more sunlight than the others one.

9. After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.

Revise : After George returned to his house, he read a book.

10. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been as widely eccepted as this one.

Revise : Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed, but no one have been as widely eccepted as this one.

11.The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

Revise : The food that Mark’s cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

12.After  Jhon eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

Revise : After  Jhon had eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.

13.The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

Revise : The manager finished working on the report last night, and now she will begin to write the other proposal.

14.Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

Revise : Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work them, they were unwilling to give the result to Joan.

15.Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able to attend the concert.

Revise : Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not  to attend the concert.

16.After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.

Revise : After to take the medication, the patient become drowsy and more manageable.

17.We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

Revise : We insist on you are leaving the meeting before any further outbursts take place.

18.It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, isn’t it?

Revise : It has been a long time since we have talked to Jhon, hasn’t it?

19.Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon does so.

Revise : Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and Jhon  too.

20.Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her vacation.

Revise : Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of congress during her  vacation

21.After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided find another attorney.

Revise :  After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery, the reputed mobster decided found another attorney.

22.Harry’s advisor persuaded his taking several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

Revise :   Harry’s advisor persuaded him to take several courses which did not involve much knowledge of mathematics.

23.The only teacher who were required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me.

Revise :   The only teacher who required to attend the meeting were Gorge, Betty, Jill, and me

24.The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.

Revise :   The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them.

25.The president went fishing after  he has finished with the conferences.

Revise :   The president went fishing after  he had finished with the conferences.

26.Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Mary and me.

Revise :   Peter and Tom playing tennis every afternoon with Mary and me

source : http://alamanahservice.wordpress.com/tips-n-trik-meraih-toefl-550

Gerund & To Infinitive

Gerund adalah kata kerja bentuk -ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.

Gerund difungsikan sebagai :

1. Sebagai subjek  

          contoh :

• Playing football is fun (bermain bola itu menyenangkan)
• Reading novels is my hobby ( membaca novel adalah hobi saya)
• Eating in the bed is a bad habit (makan di tempat tidur adalah kebiasaan buruk

     2. Sebagai objek

           contoh :

• Sophie likes eating banana (sophie suka makan pisang)
• Rina and Rini always enjoy playing piano (rina dan rini selalu menikmati bermain piano)
• Monica cannot stop loving him (Monica tidak dapat berhenti mencintainya)

     3. Sebagai objek preposisi

           contoh :

• Maria is clever at singing opera (Maria pandai bernyanyi opera)
• Fany is good at lying (Fany pandai berbohong)

     4. Sebagai pelengkap

           contoh :

• My hobby is playing guitar (hobi saya adalah bermain gitar)
• Amanda's favorite is watching all day (kesukaan amanda adalah menonton sepanjang hari)
• A bad habit is eating to much fat (kebiasaa buruk adalah makan terlalu banyak lemak) 

Infinitive adalah suatu verbal yang terdiri dari to dan bentuk simpel dari verb yang berfungs sebagai noun,adjective,atau adverb.

Rumus : to+verb

contoh :
kata benda sebagai subjek

•  To survive is my hope (bertahan hidup adalah harapan saya)

kata benda sebagai pelengkap

• I want to come tomorrow (saya ingin datang besok) 

kata benda sebagai subjek pelengkap

• His dream is to win (mimpinya adalah untuk menang)

sebagai kata sifat infinitif,digunakan untuk menjelaskan kata benda dimana posisinya selalu mengikuti kata benda yang dijelaskanya

• The best time to talk is at night (waktu terbaik untuk berbicara adalah pada malam hari)

sebagai kata keterangan infinitif,untuk menjelaskan kata kerja yang biasanya ada di awal atau akhir kalimat tanpa harus berada dekat kata kerja yang dijelaskan

• To watch,you must buy a ticket (untuk menonton,anda harus membeli tiket)                        

sumber : buku catatan bahasa inggris,dan
              http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-dan-contoh-infinitive
                      

Modals

Modals adalah bagian dari kata kerja bantu yang memberikan arti tambahan pada suatu kalimat.

Rumus : (+) S+ Modal + V1/be

             (-) S + Modal + Not + V1/be

             (?) Modal + S +V1/be

contohnya :
1.Can (dapat menyatakan sesuatu)

               

   (+) My mother can ride a car (ibu saya bisa mengendarai mobil)

   (- ) I can't speak spanish well (saya tidak bisa berbicara bahasa spanyol dengan baik)

   (?) Can you help me? (bisakah anda membantu saya?)

 2.May (menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi)

    (+) We may go home early (kita boleh pulang lebih awal)

    (-)  They may not go to the party (mereka tidak boleh pergi ke pesta)

    (?) May i borrow your pen? (bolehkah saya meminjam pulpen anda?)

 3.Must/have to (menyuruh seseorang melakukan sesuatu)

   (+) We must arrive at school on time ( kita harus tiba di sekolah tepat waktu)

   (-) We must not be late today (kita tidak boleh telat hari ini)

   (?) Do you have to go home today? (apakah anda harus pulang hari ini?)

  4.Will/to be going to (menyatakan akan melakukan sesuatu)

    (+) She will go to Bogor tomorrow (dia akan pergi ke Bogor besok)

     (-) He will not go to Bogor by bus (dia tidak akan pergi ke bogor naik bis)

     (?) Are you going to go dinner today? (apakah kamu akan pergi makan          malam hari ini?)

            

sumber : http://englishterminal.com/kalimat-dengan-modals-dan-have-to/

Noun,Adjective & Adverb

Noun (kata benda) adalah sebuah kata yang digunakan untuk suatu nama bagi sesuatu seperti benda,seseorang,suatu tempat,situasi,dan lain-lain.

Jenis-Jenis Noun ada 4,yaitu :

1.Kata benda umum (common nouns) : kata benda yang menunjukkan jenis,kelas dari benda-benda,tempat   dan sebagainya.

   contoh : Car (mobil)

                Furniture (furniture)

                Town (kota)

                Water (air)

2.Kata benda nama diri (Proper nouns) : berupa nama orang,tempat dan sebagainya yang selalu diawali huruf kapital.

   contoh : Monica

                Indonesia

                Argentina

                Mrs.Julia

3.Kata benda abstrak (Abstract nouns) : kata benda yang tidak dapat diraba dengan panca indra.

   contoh : Beauty (cantik)

                Health (sehat)

                Fear (takut)

                Happiness (bahagia)

4.Kata benda collective (collective nouns) : kata berupa manusia,hewan,dan suatu benda.

   contoh : Crowd (kerumunan)

                Flock (kawanan)

                Choir (paduan suara)

                Team (tim)

Kata benda (noun) dapat berfungsi sebagai :

• Subjek kata kerja : Tom arrived (Tom tiba)
• Pelengkap kata kerja be (bisa),become (menjadi),seem (terlihat) : Tom is an actor (Tom adalah aktor)
• Objek dari kata kerja : I saw Tom (saya melihat Tom)
• Objek preposisi : I spoke to Tom (saya berbicara dengan Tom)
• Kata benda juga bisa dalam kasus posesif : Tom's books (buku-buku Tom)

  

Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk memberi sifat pada kata benda.

Ada 6 jenis-jenis kata sifat,yaitu

1.Kata sifat demonstratif : kata sifat yang membatasi pemakaian kata benda pada orang/benda.

    contoh   : a) this,these (sesuatu yang dekat sekali),misalnya : this book,these books

                   b) that,those (sesuatu yang jaraknya lebih jauh)

                   c) such (kata sifat yang berarti semacam ini atau itu kepada suatu kata yang baru atau akan dise

                       butkan),misalnya : his praise of me was not sincere,i don't like such a man.

2.Kata sifat distributif : kata benda yang dibatasi dengan menunjukkan bahwa orang/benda yang ditunjukkan  oleh kata benda digunakan satu demi satu.

   contoh   :  a) each (berarti salah satu dari dua benda),misalnya dua orang siswi ini masing-masing memiliki  sebuah pena.

                   b) every (hanya untuk bilanga tertentu yang melebihi dua),misalnya dua dari lima orang memiliki  laptop terbaru.

3.Kata sifat kuantitatif : kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak sesuatu benda yag dimaksudkan.

   contoh   :  a) some (beberapa)

                   b) little (sedikit)

                   c) enough (cukup)

                   d) much (banyak)

4.Kata sifat deskriptif : kata sifat yang menggambarkan sifat atau keadaan seseorang,hewan,atau benda.

    contoh  :  a) a beautiful woman (seorang wanita yang cantik)

                   b) a sick cat (seekor kucing yang sakit)

5.Kata sifat numeral : kata sifat yang menunjukkan berapa banyak benda/dalam urutan berapa.

    Dibagi 2 yaitu : Bilangan tertentu bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa benda yang ada

                            bilangan ordinal (pertama,kedua,ketiga,dan seterusnya)

                            bilangan kardinal (satu,dua,tiga)

                           

                            Bilangan tak tentu bilangan jenis tertentu tanpa mengatakan secara      tepat berapa  jumlahnya.

                            contoh : some (kurang lebih),misalnya kurang lebih 5 orang tidak hadir.

6.Kata sifat Kualitas,misallnya clever,dry,fat,good

Adverbs (kata keterangan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan tata bahasa kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti.

Jenis-Jenis kata keterangan,yaitu :

1.Untuk menerangkan kata kerja 

   contoh : She speak English fluently ( dia berbicara bahasa inggris dengan fasih)

2.Untuk menerangkan kata tempat

   contoh :  She was here (dia ada disini)

3.Untuk menerangkan kata sifat

   contoh : It's now too cold to swim (sekarang udara terlalu dingin untuk berenang)

4.Untuk menerangkan kata depan

   contoh : The cat was sitting almost on the wall (kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di atas tembok)

5.Untuk menerangkan kata sambung

   contoh : I want to know precisely how to the wildfire happened (saya ingin mengetahui        secara pasti bagaimana kebakaran itu terjadi.

source (sumber) : dari buku A Practical English Grammar (A.J Thomson)
                            http://aneneharief.wordpress.com/adjectives-dan-adverbs/